डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर. (अल्पपरीचय)

डॉ. भीमराव रामजी आंबेडकर हे भारतीय न्यायशास्त्रज्ञ (jurist), अर्थशास्त्रज्ञ (economist), राजनीतिज्ञ (politician), तत्त्वज्ञ (Philosopher) आणि समाजसुधारक (social reformer) होते.
त्यांनी बहुजन चळवळीला प्रेरणा दिली आणि अस्पृश्य (untouchable) लोकांविरुद्ध होणारा सामाजिक भेदभाव नष्ट करण्यासाठी चळवळ उभारली, तसेच महिलांच्या आणि कामगारांच्या हक्कांचे समर्थन केले.
ते ब्रिटिश भारताचे मजूरमंत्री (Minister of labor of British India), स्वतंत्र भारताचे पहिले कायदेमंत्री (First Minister of law and justice of Independent India), भारतीय संविधानाचे शिल्पकार (Architect of Indian Constitution), भारतीय बौद्ध धर्माचे पुनरुज्जीवक (Revivalist of Indian Buddhism) होते.
देशाच्या विविध क्षेत्रांत दिलेल्या बाबासाहेबांच्या योगदानामुळे त्यांना ‘आधुनिक भारताचे शिल्पकार’ किंवा ‘आधुनिक भारताचे निर्माते’ असेही संबोधले जाते.
बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांनी अमेरीकेतील कोलंबिया विद्यापीठ आणि लंडन स्कूल ऑफ इकॉनॉमिक्स या शिक्षण संस्थांमधून अर्थशास्त्र विषयात पीएच.डी. पदव्या मिळविल्या; तसेच त्यांनी कायदा, अर्थशास्त्र आणि राज्यशास्त्र या विषयांवर संशोधन केले.
येथे १९१६ साली डॉ. ए.ए. गोल्डनविझर (Dr.A.A.Goldenvizher) यांनी मानववंशशास्त्र (Anthropology) विषयक परिसंवादात भाग घेण्यासाठी भीमराव आंबेडकरांना बोलविले. त्यांनी ‘भारतातील जाती, त्यांचा उगम, विकास आणि वास्तविकता’ (‘Castes in India, their origin, development and reality’) या विषयावर व्याख्यान दिले. तेव्हा आंबेडकर हे केवळ २५ वर्षांचे होते. आंबेडकरांनी आपला जातिसंस्था विषयक सिद्धांत (theory) मांडताना सांगितले, “वर्ग आणि जात तसे मानायचे झाले, तर निकटवर्ती होत. कालांतराने ते अलग होतात. बंदिस्त केलेली, गोठवलेला वर्ग म्हणजे ‘जात’.”
आंबेडकरांनी जात या संकल्पनेची चिकित्सा (research) करून तिचा शोध घेण्याचा प्रयत्न केला.
जात ही श्रमविभागणी (based on division of labor) वरही अवलंबून नाही आणि नैसर्गिक कल (Natural tendency) वा योग्यतेवरही (on merit) अवलंबून नाही. व्यक्तीची कामे जात आधीच तयार करते. कुळ कुवतीच्या (clan strength) आधारे नव्हे तर, जन्मानुसार किंवा आई-वडीलांच्या सामाजिक स्थानानुसार (social status) ठरते.
१९४८ पासून आंबेडकरांना मधुमेहाचा (diabetes) त्रास होता. जून ते ऑक्टोबर १९५४ मध्ये औषधांच्या दुष्परिणामांमुळे आणि खराब दृष्टीमुळे ते अंथरुणाला खिळले (bed-ridden) होते. 1955 मध्ये त्यांची तब्येत बिघडली. बुद्ध आणि त्यांचा धम्म (Buddha and his Dhamma) हे त्यांचे अंतिम हस्तलिखित (handwritten) पूर्ण केल्यानंतर तीन दिवसांनी, आंबेडकर ६ डिसेंबर १९५६ रोजी दिल्लीतील त्यांच्या घरी झोपेतच त्यांचे महापरिनिर्वाण झाले.
जरी बाबासाहेब आपल्यातून देहाने उपस्थित नसले तरी विचार व कृती रूपाने ते सदैव आपल्यात जिवंत राहतील ..!



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